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Bicuspid aortic valve
Definition
A bicuspid aortic valve is an aortic valve that only has two leaflets, instead of three.
The aortic valve regulates blood flow from the heart into the aorta, the major blood vessel that brings blood to the body.
Alternative Names
Bicommissural aortic valve
Causes
The aortic valve allows oxygen-rich blood to flow from the heart to the aorta. It prevents the blood from flowing back from the aorta into the heart when the pumping chamber relaxes.
Bicuspid aortic valve is present at birth (congenital). An abnormal aortic valve develops during the early weeks of pregnancy, when the baby's heart develops. The cause of this problem is unclear, but it is the most common congenital heart disease. It often runs in families.
The bicuspid aortic valve may not be completely effective at stopping blood from leaking back into the heart. This is called aortic regurgitation. The aortic valve may also become stiff and not open up as well, causing the heart to have to pump harder than usual to get blood past the valve (aortic stenosis). The aorta may become enlarged with this condition.
This condition is more common among males than females.
A bicuspid aortic valve often exists in babies with coarctation of the aorta and other diseases in which there is a blockage to blood flow on the left side of the heart.
Symptoms
Most of the time, bicuspid aortic valve is not diagnosed in infants or children because it causes no symptoms. However, the abnormal valve can leak or become narrow.
Symptoms of such complications may include:
- Baby or child tires easily
- Chest pain
- Difficulty breathing
- Rapid and irregular heartbeat (palpitations)
- Loss of consciousness (fainting)
- Pale skin
If a baby has other congenital heart problems, they may cause symptoms that will lead to the discovery of a bicuspid aortic valve.
Exams and Tests
Signs of a bicuspid aortic valve may include:
- Enlarged heart
- Heart murmur
- Weak pulse in the wrists and ankles
Tests that may show a bicuspid aortic valve include:
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the heart
- Ultrasound of the heart (echocardiogram)
If the health care provider suspects complications or additional heart defects, other tests may include:
- Chest x-rays
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- Test of the electrical activity in the heart (electrocardiogram)
- X-ray of the heart's blood vessels using a special dye (angiography)
Treatment
The infant or child may need surgery to repair a leaky or narrowed valve, if complications are severe.
A narrowed valve can also be opened through cardiac catheterization. A fine tube (catheter) is directed to the heart and into the narrow opening of the aortic valve. A balloon attached to the end of the tube is inflated, to make the opening of the valve larger.
Medicine may be needed to relieve symptoms or prevent complications.
Medications may include:
- ACE inhibitors
- Angiotensin receptor blockers
- Drugs that make the heart muscle pump harder (inotropic agents)
- "Water pills" (diuretics)
See also: Pediatric heart surgery
Outlook (Prognosis)
How well the baby does depends on whether complications of bicuspid aortic valve are present, and how severe they are.
The presence of other physical problems at birth also can affect how well a baby does.
Most babies with this condition have no symptoms, and the problem is not diagnosed until they are adults. Some people never find out that they have this problem.
Possible Complications
Complications of bicuspid aortic valve include:
- Congestive heart failure
- Leakage of blood through the valve back into the heart
- Narrowing of the valve's opening
When to Contact a Medical Professional
Call your health care provider if your baby:
- Has no appetite
- Has unusually pale or bluish skin
- Seems to tire easily
Prevention
Bicuspid aortic valves run in families. If you know of this condition in your family, speak to your health care provider before becoming pregnant. There is no known way to prevent the condition.
References
Otto CM, Bonow RO. Valvular Heart Disease. In: Bonow RO, Mann DL, Zipes DP, Libby P. Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011:chap 66.
Reviewed By: Kurt R. Schumacher, MD, Pediatric Cardiology, University of Michigan Congenital Heart Center, Ann Arbor, MI. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
